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¼ö·ÂÀü±â ¹ßÀü ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â ¼ö¸®°øÇÐ(hydraulic engineering)ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ëÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ °­¹°ÀÇ È帧À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀǵµÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
 
. [GSA Today]ÀÇ 2014³â 8¿ù À̽´¿¡¼­, À¯´Ï¾ð Äø®Áö(Union College-Schenectady)ÀÇ µµ³Îµå ·Îµåº§(Donald Rodbell)¾¾¿Í ¹Ì±¹ ¹Ì Æä·çÀÇ °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚµéÀº, Æä·çÀÇ ¼¼·Îµ¥ ÆĽºÄÚ ±¤»êÁö¿ªÀÇ »ê¼º ±¤»ê¹è¼ö(acid mine drainage)·Î ÀÎÇØ ·¹ÀÌÅ© ÁÖ´Ñ ±¹¸³º¸È£Áö±¸(Lake Junīn National Reserve)°¡ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿À¿°µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù.

¼¼°èÀºÇà¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Æä·ç Àü±âÀÇ ¾à 60%´Â ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í °Ç±â ½ÃÁð¿¡´Â °­¹° È帧À» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ Â÷°¡¿î Çغù¼ö(glacial meltwater)¿¡ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. 20¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ Æä·ç ¾ÆÀ̽º Ä¿¹ö(ice cover)ÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ °¨¼Ò´Â ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¾à 30%±îÁö Çغù¿ë ¾óÀ½ÀÇ ¾çÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄ×´Ù. À̹ø [GSA Today] ±â»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨Àº ¿Â³­È­°¡ ¾Èµ¥½º »ê¸Æ Àûµµ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÃÖ°í·Î »ó½ÂÇÏ°í ¾óÀ½ÀÇ °¨¼Òµµ ±× Á¤µµ·Î µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹»óÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

°Ç±â ½ÃÁð °­ ¹æ·ù·®°ú Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Æä·ç Àα¸ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»êÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ, Æä·çÀÇ ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü »ê¾÷Àº ´ï °Ç¼³À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¼ö¸®°øÇÐ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. À̹ø ¿¬±¸´Â Æä·ç ¾Èµ¥½º »ê¸Æ Á߾Ӻο¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼¼·Îµ¥ÆĽºÄÚ(Cerro de Pasco) Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÃÊ±â ´ï °Ç¼³ÀÌ ¹ÌÄ£ ¿¹±âÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº °á°ú¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº ¼ö ¼¼±â µ¿¾È Æä·çÀÇ ±¤»êä±¼ÀÌ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÃÇàµÈ °÷ÀÌ´Ù.

¼¼·Îµ¥ÆĽºÄÚ(Cerro de Pasco) ±¤»êÁö¿ªÀº Æä·ç¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô Ã¤±¼ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´ø Áö¿ª Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ±×°÷Àº ¾à 600³â ÀüºÎÅÍ ±Ùó È£¼öÁö¿ª¿¡ ¿¡¾î·ÎÁ¹ ³«Áø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àηù¹ß»ý·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ³³ÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Áõ°ÅµéÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ½Ã´ë ÀÌÀüºÎÅÍ ³ªÅ¸³­ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±¸¸® ¿ë±¤·Î°¡ 1906³â¿¡ ±×°÷¿¡ ¼³¸³µÇ¾ú°í, 1931³â¿¡´Â Æä·ç¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ºñö±Ý¼ÓÀÇ Á¦·ÃÀ» À§ÇÑ °³¼±µÈ ½Å±Ô ¿ë±¤·Î°¡ µ¶Á¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ¾ú´Ù.

¼¼·Îµ¥ÆĽºÄÚ(Cerro de Pasco)ÀÇ ¿î¿µÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ö·ÂÀü±â »ý»êÀ» À§ÇØ, 1932³â¿¡ À¯Æĸ¶¿ä(Upamayo) ´ïÀÌ °Ç¼³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ´ïÀº ¼¼·Îµ¥ÆĽºÄÚ(Cerro de Pasco)¿¡¼­ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹°À» »©³»´Â ¸®¿À »ê Áê¾Ó(Rīo San Juan) Áö¿ª°ú Æä·ç Áö¿ª Àüü¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« È£¼öÀÎ ÁÖ´Ñ È£¼ö(Lake Junīn)¿¡¼­ Èê·¯³ª¿À´Â ÁöÁ¡ °£ÀÇ ÇÕ·ùÁöÁ¡ ÇϺο¡ Á÷Á¢ ¸Â´êÀº ¸®¿À ¸¸Å¸·Î(Rīo Mantaro) ÃÖ»óºÎ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

À¯Æĸ¶¿ä(Upamayo) ´ïÀÇ À§Ä¡¿Í ÀÌ°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ó·ù·Î È帣´Â ¼ÒÇü ¹°ÀúÀåÅëÀº ¸®¿À ¸¸Å¸·Î(Rīo Mantaro)·Î ÇâÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ È帧À» ÁÖ´Ñ È£¼ö(Lake Junīn)·Î Á÷Á¢ ²ø¾îµé¿© Áö°Ô ¸®¿À »ê Áê¾Ó(Rīo San Juan) Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ¹°À» ¹èÃâ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ·Îµåº§(Rodbell)¾¾ µîÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ [GSA Today]ÀÇ ³í¹®Àº ¼¼·Îµ¥ÆĽºÄÚ(Cerro de Pasco)Áö¿ªÀÇ »ê¼º ±¤»ê¹è¼ö°¡ ÁÖ´Ñ È£¼ö(Lake Junīn)·Î ²ø¾îµé¿©Áö´Â ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±â¼úÇßÀ¸¸ç, 1974³â¿¡ ÀÌ°÷Àº Æä·ç ±¹¸³ ¾ß»ýº¸È£Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÁöÁ¤µÈ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹è¼öÀÇ °á°ú·Î, È£¼öÀÇ ÅäÁöÀÇ »óºÎ ¼ö cm´Â ¹Ì±¹ ȯ°æº¸È£±¹ÀÇ È£¼ö ¿¬¾È Á¦ÇÑ °ªÀ» ¸Å¿ì ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â ³³°ú ¾Æ¿¬À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯, È£¼ö ÅäÁöÀÇ »óºÎ 50cm±îÁö¿¡´Â 60,000¹ÌÅÍÅæÀÇ ±¸¸®, ¾à 90,000¹ÌÅÍÅæÀÇ ¾Æ¿¬ ±×¸®°í 41,000¹ÌÅÍÅæ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³³ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¾Æ¿¬ ¹ÌÅÍÅæ Å©±â´Â ÇöÀç ÁøÇà·ü·Î º¼ ¶§ 5³â ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ã¤±¼ »ý»ê °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ï´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÁÖ´Ñ È£¼ö(Lake Junīn)°¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ È¯°æÀû ÀçÇظ¦ °æ°¨½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÉ °¡Àå Å« µµÀüÀº È£¼ö ¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¾Æ¿¬ÀÇ ¸®»çÀÌŬ¸µÀ» ¸ØÃß°í, °èÀýÀûÀ¸·Î ³ëÃâµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ±Ý¼Ó°ú À¯Æĸ¶¿ä(Upamayo) ´ï Èĺο¡¼­ Æ®·¡ÇεǴ ¹°¿¡ Àá±ä ÅðÀû¹°À» ÀçÀ̵¿½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ·Îµåº§(Rodbell)¾¾¿Í µ¿·á´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. °á±¹, ±×µéÀº Æä·ç¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ °³¹ßµÉ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼ö¸®°øÇÐ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ÁÖ´Ñ È£¼ö(Lake Junīn) ÁøÈë¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ À߸øÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Àû½ÃÇß´Ù.
 
[Ãâó : KISTI ¹Ì¸®¾È(http://mirian.kisti.re.kr) ¡º±Û·Î¹úµ¿Çâºê¸®ÇÎ(GTB)¡»2014. 08. 12]
 

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Heavy metals and hydroelectricity

ydraulic engineering is increasingly relied on for hydroelectricity generation. However, redirecting stream flow can yield unintended consequences. In the August 2014 issue of GSA Today, Donald Rodbell of Union College-Schenectady and coauthors from the U.S. and Peru document the wholesale contamination of the Lake Junín National Reserve by acid mine drainage from the Cerro de Pasco mining district.
 
According to the World Bank, about 60% of Peru's electricity is generated by hydropower, which during the dry season relies heavily on glacial meltwater to augment stream flow. The ongoing reduction in ice cover in Peru that began early in the twentieth century has reduced the aerial extent of glacial ice in some areas by nearly 30%. According to this GSA Today article, climate models project that warming will be pronounced in the highest elevation regions of the tropical Andes, and thus acceleration in ice loss is likely.
 
To maintain dry-season river discharge and energy generation for a growing Peruvian population, the hydropower industry in Peru has turned to hydraulic engineering, including dam construction. This study highlights an unintended consequence of early dam construction in the Cerro de Pasco region of the central Peruvian Andes, a region that has been a focal point of Peruvian mining operations for centuries.
 
The Cerro de Pasco mining district is among the most extensively worked mining districts in Peru. Pre-colonial mining there showed some of the earliest evidence of anthropogenic lead enrichment by aerosolic fallout in nearby lakes about 600 years ago. The first copper smelter was established there in 1906, and in 1931 the new and improved Cerro smelter held monopoly over the refining of all nonferrous metals in Peru.
 
In order to generate hydroelectricity for Cerro de Pasco's operations, the Upamayo Dam was constructed in 1932. The Upamayo Dam is located in the uppermost reach of the Río Mantaro, immediately downstream of the confluence between the Río San Juan, which drains southward from Cerro de Pasco, and the outflow of Lake Junín, the largest lake entirely within Peru.
 
The location of the Upamayo Dam and the small reservoir upstream from it has resulted in the discharge of Río San Juan waters, once destined for the Río Mantaro, directly into Lake Junín. Rodbell et al.'s GSA Today paper documents the impact of acid mine drainage from Cerro de Pasco into Lake Junín, which in 1974 was designated a Peruvian National Wildlife Reserve.
 
As a result of the drainage, the upper several decimeters of sediment in the lake now contain levels of lead and zinc that greatly exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limits for the lake basin. Today, more than 60,000 metric tons of copper, almost 900,000 metric tons of zinc, and almost 41,000 metric tons of lead are contained in the upper 50 cm of lake sediment -- the zinc tonnage representing more than five years' worth of mining production at current rates.
 
Rodbell and colleagues write that among the biggest challenges that will face any attempt to mitigate the environmental disaster that has befallen Lake Junín are finding ways to stop the recycling of zinc from the lake bottom and the remobilization of all metals from the seasonally exposed and submerged deposits that are trapped behind the Upamayo Dam. Finally, they note that as future hydraulic engineering projects are developed in Peru and elsewhere, it would behoove all not to repeat the mistakes that are recorded in the mud of Lake Junín.
 
 
 
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