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Áõ°¡µÈ õ¿¬°¡½º »ý»êÀº ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁö µ¶¸³°ú ¼®Åº ¹ßÀü¼ÒÀÇ ¿Â½Ç°¡½º ¹èÃâÀ» ÇÇÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ´Ü°è·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª õ¿¬°¡½º À¯Á¤Àº ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾È°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Á¾Á¾ ¿°°ú ±¤¹°À» »ó´çÈ÷ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù·®ÀÇ ½ÉÃþ¼ö(deep water)°¡ ±âü¿Í ÇÔ²² Èê·¯³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÉÃþ¼ö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ§ À¯Á¤Æó¼ö(produced water, ¿ÀÀÏÀ̳ª °¡½º¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â Æó¼ö)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© Æó±â ¶Ç´Â Á¤È­µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
 
ÃÖ±Ù ¹Ì±¹ MIT ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Àú·ÅÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î À¯Á¤Æó¼ö¸¦ Á¤È­½ÃÄÑ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­, ÀÌ °øÁ¤Àº Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ °³¹ßÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹ÀÇ Áö¿ª»çȸ¸¦ À§ÇÑ Àú·ÅÇÏ°í, È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ´ã¼ö ¼³ºñ·Î À̾îÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
»õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀº ÃÖ±Ù International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Applied Energy ¹× AICE(American Institute of Chemical Engineers)ÀÇ AIChE Àú³Î µî ¼¼ °³ÀÇ Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ½Ã¸®Áî ³í¹®¿¡ ±â¼úµÆ´Ù.
 
¿¬±¸ÆÀ¿¡´Â MIT ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¹Ú»ç ÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øÀÎ Prakash Narayan, ±â°è°øÇаú ±³¼öÀÎ John H. Lienhard V, »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾ÆÀÇ KFUPM(King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸Áø µîÀÌ Âü¿©Çß´Ù.
 
¹æ¹ýÀº Ç¥ÁØ ´ã¼öÈ­ °øÁ¤À» º¯È­½ÃŲ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿°À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ ¹°À» Áõ¹ß½ÃÄÑ, Â÷°¡¿î Ç¥¸é À§¿¡ ³óÃà½ÃÅ°´Â °øÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¿°Àº Áõ¹ßÀÌ ÀϾ´Â µ¿¾È ºÐ¸®µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ °øÁ¤Àº ¸ðµç ¹°ÀÌ ²ú´ÂÁ¡±îÁö °¡¿­µÇ´Â ÇÑÆí, ÀÀÃàµÈ Ç¥¸éÀº Â÷°¡¿î »óÅ·ΠÀ¯ÁöµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¿¡³ÊÁö Áý¾àÀûÀ̸ç, µû¶ó¼­ °í°¡ÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÈ´Ù.
 
»õ·Î¿î °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ ²ú´ÂÁ¡ ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ±Þ¼ö°üÁ¤Àº ¼ö¼Û ±âü¿Í Á÷Á¢ Á¢ÃËÇÏ¿© Áõ¹ßµÈ´Ù. ¼öºÐÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ø±â´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤È­µÈ Áõ±â ÀÀÃà¾×ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â º¸´Ù ´õ Â÷°¡¿î ¹°À» Åë°úÇÏ¿© °ÅÇ°À» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
 
±×·¯³ª µû¶æÇÑ ¹°°ú Â÷°¡¿î ¹°ÀÇ ¿Âµµ Â÷ÀÌ´Â »ó¿ë Á¦½À±â(dehumidifier)º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ Àû°í, ÀÛÀº °ÅÇ°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°øµÈ Ç¥¸éÀûÀº ÆòÆòÇÑ ÀÀÃà Ç¥¸éÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀûº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ³Ð±â ¶§¹®¿¡ º¸´Ù ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ °øÁ¤À¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù.
 
´õ ÀûÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Ò¸ð
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øÁ¤ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¹öÀüÀº HDH(humidification dehumidification) ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ(desalination system)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸°´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ HDH ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °í¾ÈÇÑ ÇÑÆí, »õ·Î¿î ¹öÀüÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
Lienhard´Â ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ KFUPM°úÀÇ Çù·Â ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹ ±â¹Ý ½Ã¼³ÀÌ ¾ø´Â Áö¿ª¿¡ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î HDH °øÁ¤¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °®°Ô µÆ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. MIT¿Í KFUPM ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Àü ¼¼°è ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÇýÅÃÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Lienhard´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
¹Ú»ç ³í¹® ¿¬±¸ ½ÃÀÛ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡, NarayanÀº ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³ÀÇ Å©±â¿Í ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿¡³ÊÁö È¿À²¼º°ú ¿­ È¿À²¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã¼³Àº ´ã¼ö°¡ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ Çؼö´Â dzºÎÇÑ Àεµ ³²ºÎ Áö¿ª °°Àº °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹ ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼­ ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
 
»ó¿ë ´ã¼öÈ­ ¼³ºñ´Â Å©±â°¡ Ŭ¼ö·Ï ´õ ¸¹Àº ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ´Â ±Ô¸ð¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ È¿À²¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª HDH ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÃÖÀûÀÇ Å©±â´Â ½Ã°ñ ¸¶À»ÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ¿ë·® Á¤µµÀÎ ÀÏÀÏ 1200~2400 ¸®ÅÍÀÇ ¹°À» Á¤È­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã¼³ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã¼³Àº ´õ ¸¹Àº ¸ðµâÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ´õ Å« Å©±â·Î È®´ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ±×´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
Lienhard´Â HDH ±â¼úÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡´Â ü°èÀûÀÎ ºÐ¼® ´ë»óÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇß´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ¼ö³â¿¡ °ÉÃÄ, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áֱ⸦ Æò°¡Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î ¿­¿ªÇÐ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ ¿¡³ÊÁö ºñÈ¿À²¼ºÀÇ ¿øÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Éµµ ±íÀº ÀÌÇØ°¡ À̾îÁ³´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ãµµ´Â ¿¬±¸ÁøÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÃֽŠ¹ßÇ¥¿¡ ±â¼úµÈ »õ·Î¿î Ư¡°ú ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ±Ô¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
 
¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯Ç㸦 Ãâ¿øÇßÀ¸¸ç, ´ã¼ö¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÃßÀûÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ MIT ¿¬±¸Áø°ú Çù·ÂÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© °øÁ¤À» »ó¾÷È­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ±â¾÷À» ¼³¸³Çß´Ù. NarayanÀº ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥°¡ °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡¼­ ´ã¼öÈ­ÀÎ ÇÑÆí, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Ãµ¿¬°¡½º À¯Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÏ´Â À¯Á¤ Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®Çϴµ¥ ƯÈ÷ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù.
 
Æļâ(fracking)¶ó°íµµ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¼ö¾Ð Æļâ(hydraulic fracturing)¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© °³¹æµÈ À¯Á¤¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ¹°°ú ´Ù¸¥ À¯Ã¼´Â ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ Ã³¸®¿Í Æó±â¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯Á¤ ¿î¿µÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´õ Å« ¹®Á¦´Â »ó´çÈù ºñ¿ëÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â À¯Á¤ Æó¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇöÀçÀÇ Ã³¸® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
 
ÀÌ ¹°Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼöº¸´Ù ¸î ¹è ´õ ³ôÀº ¿°µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î HDH °øÁ¤À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Ã³¸®¿¡ ƯÈ÷ ÀûÇÕÇÑ È帶ó°í NarayanÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ¸·À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀº ¿°µµ°¡ ´õ ³ôÀº ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °¡Àå Å« ÀåÁ¡Àº ´ç½ÅÀÌ ³ôÀº ¿°µµ¸¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ¶§¶ó°í ±×´Â µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.
 
MIT ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¸î ÁÖ µ¿¾È ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ´Â 12ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌÀÇ Å×½ºÆ® À¯´ÖÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿© ÀÏÀÏ 700¸®ÅÍ¿¡ À̸£´Â ûÁ¤¼ö¸¦ »ý»êÇÒ °èȹÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº õ¿¬°¡½º À¯Á¤¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À½¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµÀÇ Ã»Á¤ÇÑ ¹°À» »ý»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ Å×½ºÆ®Çß´Ù.
 
´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱâ À¯´ÖÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ °è»ê¿¡ µû¶ó ÃÖÀûÀÇ Å©±âÀÓÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÈ 2~3¹è±îÁö ±Ô¸ð¸¦ È®´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. NarayanÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ó¿ë ¼³ºñ°¡ 2³â À̳»¿¡ ¿î¿µµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
¿µ±¹ À©Ã¼½ºÅÍ IDA Desalination Academy ÇÐÀåÀÎ Leon Awerbuch´Â ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°¡ »ó¿ë HDHº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°á ¹æ¾ÈÀ¸·Î À̾îÁú ¸Å¿ì µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸À̸ç, ¼Ò±Ô¸ð¿Í Áß°£ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¥ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
»õ·Î¿î ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº À¯Á¤Æó¼ö °°ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ¿°µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¿ë¾×À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» ȸ¼ö ¹× ÁýÁß½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °³¹ßÀ» Å©°Ô µ¶·ÁÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Awerbuch´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
[ÀÚ·áÁ¦°ø : ³ì»ö±â¼úÁ¤º¸Æ÷Å»(www.gtnet.go.kr)] 2013. 02. 07]
 
[¿ø¹®º¸±â]
 
Cleaning 'produced water' from natural gas wells, potential for improved desalination plants for developing countries
 
February 5, 2013 by David L. Chandler
 
Increased natural gas production is seen as a crucial step away from the greenhouse gas emissions of coal plants and toward U.S. energy independence. But natural gas wells have problems: Large volumes of deep water, often heavily laden with salts and minerals, flow out along with the gas.
 
        ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °¡½ºÁ¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÑ ¹°ÀÌ MIT°¡ ¼³¸³ÇÑ ±â¾÷À¸·Î º¸³»Á®, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿î¿µµÇ¾î ûÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ä¼ö¸¦ »ý»êÇß´Ù.
That so-called "produced water" must be disposed of, or cleaned. google_protectAndRun("render_ads.js::google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);Ads by GoogleHydraulic Fracturing - The oil story no one's telling.
 
How to invest in hydraulic fracturing - EnergyandCapital.com/Fracturing Now, a process developed by engineers at MIT could solve the problem and produce clean water at relatively low cost. After further development, the process could also lead to inexpensive, efficient desalination plants for communities in the developing world, the researchers say.
 
The new technology is described in a series of papers recently published in three journals: the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Applied Energy and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' AIChE Journal. The research is the work of a team including MIT postdoc Prakash Narayan, mechanical engineering professor John H. Lienhard V, and collaborators at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Saudi Arabia.
 
The method is a variation of the standard distillation process, in which salty water is vaporized and then condenses on a cold surface; the salt separates out during evaporation. But this process is energy-intensive?and therefore costly?because all the water must be heated to the boiling point, while the condensing surfaces must be kept cold.
 
In the new process, water well below the boiling point is vaporized by direct contact with a carrier gas; the moist air is subsequently bubbled through cooler water where the purified vapor condenses. But the temperature difference between the warm and cool water is much less than in conventional dehumidifiers, and the surface area provided by the small bubbles is much greater than that of a flat condenser surface, leading to a more efficient process.
 
Less energy needed The traditional version of this process is called a humidification dehumidification (HDH) desalination system. While other groups have designed HDH systems, this new version requires far less energy than previous systems, the team says.
 
      »õ·Î¿î HDH ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â MIT ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ 12 ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ.
 
Lienhard says, "We became interested in the HDH process at the start of our collaboration with KFUPM as a means of providing water to off-grid regions of the developing world. Both the MIT and the KFUPM faculty wanted to develop a technology that might benefit people all over the world."
 
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Water Chillers- Thermoelectric Chiller TE Modules, Temp Controllers - www.inbthermoelectric.com/chillers At the beginning of his doctoral thesis research, Narayan was focused, he says, on ways "to increase energy efficiency and thermal efficiency, and to reduce size and cost" for desalination plants.
 
Such facilities are a critical need in parts of the developing world?such as in southern India?that have limited fresh water but abundant seawater. Conventional distillation plants have efficiencies of scale?the bigger they are, the more cost-effective?but for the HDH system, the optimum size is a plant that produces about 1,200 to 2,400 liters of clean water a day, about the capacity needed for a rural village. Such plants can easily be made larger simply by adding more modules, he says.
 
 Lienhard notes that the HDH technology had not previously been the target of systematic analysis: "Over a period of years, our group developed new thermodynamic methods for assessment of these cycles, followed by a deep understanding of the causes of energy inefficiency in them.
 
Eventually, this led us to the new configurations and components that are described in these latest publications." Cleaning up gas-well water The researchers have already filed for patents on the system, and the team has set up a company to commercialize the process in collaboration with another MIT group that has been pursuing a related system for desalination. While Narayan says the team's ultimate goal is desalination in developing countries, it turns out that the system is especially well suited for treating the produced water that comes from natural gas wells.
 
The water and other fluids used to open wells through hydraulic fracturing?also known as fracking?are a somewhat different matter, requiring other kinds of treatment and disposal. But a much bigger issue for the operators of these wells is the ongoing treatment of produced water, which represents a significant expense. This water is typically several times saltier than seawater, which makes it a particularly good candidate for treatment with the HDH process, Narayan says: Unlike membrane-based desalination systems, this system's efficiency is unaffected by saltier water.
 
In fact, he adds, "The biggest advantage is when you deal with high salinity." A leading journal on desalination technology, Water Intelligence Report, gave the system the highest rating awarded to any system for dealing with produced water. The MIT team built a 12-foot-high test unit that has run continuously for weeks, producing about 700 liters of clean water a day.
 
They have tested it using barrels of water from natural gas wells to demonstrate that it produces water clean enough to drink. Their next step is to scale up to a plant about two to three times the size of this initial unit, which calculations show should be an optimal size. Narayan says he expects the first commercial plants could be in operation within about two years.
 
Leon Awerbuch, dean of the IDA Desalination Academy in Winchester, Mass., says, "This is very unique research work leading to a much higher-efficiency solution than conventional HDH, and could have significant impact in desalination for small and medium systems." "It is extremely encouraging that the system developed is able to concentrate and recover water from very highly saline solution, like produced water," Awerbuch adds. Because of this, he says, it "could be of critical importance to the booming shale-gas industry."
 
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